References
1. Goldstein, J. H. (1987). Therapeutic effects of laughter. In W.F. Fry & W.A. Salameh (Eds.), Handbook of Humor and Psychotherapy. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
2. Overeem, S., et al. (1999). Weak with laughter. Lancet, 354, 838.
Overeem, S., et al. (2004). Is motor inhibition during laughter due to emotional or respiratory influences? Psychophysiology, 41, 254-258.
Paskind, H. A. (1932). Effects of laughter on muscle tone. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 28, 23-628.
Prerost, F. J. & Ruma, C. (1987). Exposure to humorous stimuli as an adjunct to muscle relaxation training. Psychology: A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 24, 70-74.
Zweyer, K., et al. (2004). Do cheerfulness, exhilaration, and humor production moderate pain tolerance? Int. J. of Humor Res., 17(1/2), 85-119.
3. Overeem, S., et al., (2004).
4. Prerost, F. J. & Ruma, C., (1987).
5. Langorch, W., et al. (1982). Behavior therapy with coronary heart disease patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 26, 465-484.
6. Blanehard, E., et al. (1982). Sequential comparisons of relaxation training and biofeedback in the treatment of three kinds of chronic headache. Behavior Research and Therapy, 20, 469-481.
7. Leboeuf, A. (1977). The effects of EMG feedback training on state anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 251-253.
8. McEwan, B. & Lashley, E. N. (2003). Allostatic load: When protection gives way to damage. Advances in Mind-Body Med., 19, 28-33.
9. Pressman, S. D. & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psych. Bull., 131, 925-971.
10. Berk, L. S., et al. (1989). Neuroendocrine and stress hormone changes during mirthful laughter. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 298, 390-396.
Hubert, W. & deJong-Meyer, R. (1992). Salivary cortisol response to sad and humorous film segments. In C. Kirschbaum, , et al. (Eds.), Assessment of Hormones and Drugs in Saliva in Biobeh. Res.. Seattle: Hogrefe and Huber, pp. 213-217.
Yoshino, S., et al. (1996). Effects of mirthful laughter on neuroendocrine and immune systems in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology, 23, 793-794.
11. Jemmott, J. B. & Locke, S. E. (1984). Psychosocial factors, immunologic mediation, and human susceptibility to infectious diseases: How much do we know? Psychological Bulletin, 95, 78-108.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J., et al. (1986). Modulation of cellular immunity in medical students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 5-21.
12. Cohen, S., et al. (1993). Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect, and susceptibility to the common cold. J. of Pers. & Soc. Psych., 64, 131-140.
Segerstrom, S. Z. & Miller, G. E. (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psych. Bull., 130(4), 601-630.
Vollhardt, L. T. (1991). Psychoneuroimmunology: A literature review. Amer. J. of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 35-47.
Ader, R. & Cohen, N. (1993). Psychoneuroimmunology: Conditioning and stress. Annual Review of Psych., 44, 53-85.
13. Dillon, K. M., et al. (1985). Positive emotional states and enhancement of the immune system. Int. J. of Psychiatry in Med., 5, 13-18.
Lefcourt, H., et al. (1990). Humor and immune system functioning. Int. J. of Humor Res., 3, 305-321.
McClelland, D. & Cheriff, A. D. (1997). The immunoenhancing effects of humor on secretory IgA and resistance to respiratory infections. Psych. & Health, 12, 329-344.
14. Berk, L. S., et al. (1991). Immune system changes during humor associated with laughter. Clin. Res., 39, 124A.
15. Lambert, R. B. & Lambert, N. K. (1995). The effects of humor on secretory immunoglobulin A levels in school-aged children. Pediatric Nursing, 21(1), 16-19.
16. Pressman, S. D. & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psych. Bull., 131, 925-971.
17. Bennett, M. P., et al. (2003). The effect of mirthful laughter on stress and natural killer cell activity. Alternative Therapies in Health & Med., 9(2), 38-45.
Takahashi, K., et al. (2001). The elevation of natural killer cell activity induced by laughter in a crossover designed study. Int. J. of Molecular Med., 8, 645-650.
18. Itami, J., et al. (1994). Laughter and immunity. Japanese J. of Psychosomatic Med., 34, 565-571.
Kamei, T., et al. (1997). Changes of immunoregulatory cells associated with psychological stress and humor. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 84, 1296-1298.
19. Levy, S. M., et al. (1985). Prognostic risk assessments in primary breast cancer by behavior and immunological parameters. Health Psych., 4, 99-113.
20. Bellert, J. L. (1989). Humor: A therapeutic approach in oncology nursing. Cancer Nursing, 12, 65-70.
21. Kemeny, M. (1993). Emotions and the immune system. In B. Moyers (Ed), Healing and the Mind. New York.
22. Berk, L. S., et al. (1993). Eustress of humor associated with laughter modulates specific immune system components. Annals of Beh. Med., 15 (supplement), p. S111.
23. Berk, L. S., et al., (1993).
24. Berk, L. S., et al., (1989).
Berk, L. S., et al., (1993).
25. Kiecolt-Glaser, J., et al. (1986). Modulation of cellular immunity in medical students. J. of Beh. Med., 9, 5-21.
26. Gruber, B. L., et al. (1988). Immune system and psychologic changes in metastatic cancer patients while using ritualized relaxation and guided imagery: A pilot study. Scandinavian J. of Beh. Therapy, 17, 25-46.
27. Callen, M. (1990). Surviving AIDS. New York: Harper Collins.
28. Berk, L. S. & Tan, S. A. (1996). A positive emotion, the eustress of mirthful laughter, modulates the immune system lymphokine interferon-Gamma. Research Perspectives in Psychoneuroimmunology. Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society Program Abstracts, June.
29. Atsumi, T., et al. (2004). Pleasant feeling from watching a comical video enhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human whole saliva. J. of Psychosomatic Res., 56, 377-379.
30. Berk, L. S., et al., (1991).
Berk, L. S., et al., (1993).
Berk, L. S. & Tan, S. A., (1996).
31. Zweyer, K., et al., (2004).
32. Dillon, K. M., et al. (1985). Positive emotional states and enhancement of the immune system. Int. J. of Psychiatry in Med., 5, 13-18.
33. Lefcourt, H., et al., (1990).
McClelland, D. & Cheriff, A. D., (1997).
34. Martin, R. A. & Dobbin, J. P. (1988). Sense of humor, hassles, and immunoglobulin A: Evidence for a stress-moderating effect of humor. Int. J. of Psychiatry in Med., 18, 93-105.
35. Stone, A. A., et al. (1987). Evidence that secretory IgA is associated with daily mood. J. of Pers. & Soc. Psych., 52, 988-993.
36. Irwin, M., et al. (1987). Life events, depressive symptoms and immune function. Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 144, 437-441.
37. Linn, B. S., et al. (1981). Anxiety and immune responsiveness. Psych. Rep., 49, 969-970.
38. Jabaaij, L., et al. (1993). Influences of perceived psychological stress and distress on antibody response to lose dose rDNA hepatitis B vaccine. J. of Psychosomatic Res., 37, 361-369.
39. Stone, A. A., et al., (1987).
40. Martin, R. A. & Lefcourt, H. (1983). Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stressors and moods. J. of Pers. & Soc. Psych., 45, 1313-1324.
41. Siegel, B. S. (1989). Peace, Love and Healing. New York: Harper & Row.
42. Labbott, S. M., et al. (1990). The physical and psychological effects of the expression and inhibition of emotion. Behavioral Medicine, 16, 182-189.
43. Zweyer, K., et al., (2004).
44. McClelland, D. & Cheriff, A. D., (1997).
45. Immunotherapy Shows Promise in Cancer Treatment. (2006). Article posted at www.roswellpark.org, May 9, 2006.
46. Haldeman, S. (1991). Failure of the pathology model to predict back pain. Spine, 15, 718-724.
Svebak, S., et al. (2006). One-year prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain in a large Norwegian county population: Relations with age and gender—The HUNT study. J. of Musculoskeletal Pain, 14(1), 21-28.
47. Bongers, P. M., et al. (1993). Psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disease. Scandinavial J. of Work Env. & Health, 19, 73-84.
Westgaard, R. H. & Jansen, T. (1992). Individual and work-related factors associated with symptoms of musculoskeletal complaints. II: Different risk factors among sewing machine operators. British J. of Industrial Medicine, 49, 154-162.
48. Bru, E., et al. (1997). Back pain, dysphoric versus euphoric moods and the experience of stress and effort in female hospital staff. Personality & Indiv. Differences, 22(4), 565-573.
49. Carter, L., et al. (2002). Pain Res. & Management, 7(1), 21-30.
Riley, J. L., III. (1999). The role of emotion in pain. In R. J. Gatchel & D. C. Turk (Eds.), Psychosocial Factors in Pain: Critical Perspectives. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 74-88.
50. Mahoney, D. L., et al. (2001). The effects of laughter on discomfort thresholds: Does expectation become reality? J. of General Psych., 128(2), 2170226.
Nevo, O., et al. (1993). Humor and pain tolerance. Int. J. of Humor Res., 1993, 6, 71-78.
Weisenberg, M., et al. (1995). Humor as a cognitive technique for increasing pain tolerance. Pain, 1995, 63, 207-212.
51. Cogan, R., et al. (1987). Effects of laughter and relaxation on discomfort thresholds. J. of Beh. Med., 10, 139-144.
Zillmann, D., et al. (1993). Does humor facilitate coping with physical discomfort? Motivation & Emotion, 17, 1-21.
52. Rx Laughter data. UCLA Health and Medicine News: Watching funny shows helps children tolerate pain longer. www.uclahealth.org, October 23, 2007.
53. Zweyer, K., et al., (2004).
54. Zweyer, K., et al., (2004).
55. Weisenberg, M., et al. (1995). Humor as a cognitive technique for increasing pain tolerance. Pain, 63, 207-212.
Zillmann, D., et al. (1993). Does humor facilitate coping with physical discomfort? Motivation & Emotion, 17, 1-21.
56. Hodes, R. L, et al. (1990). The effects of distraction on responses to cold pressor pain. Pain, 41, 109-114.
57. Kelly, M. L., et al. (1984). Decreasing burned children's pain behavior: Impacting the trauma of hydrotherapy. J. of Applied Beh. Analysis, 17, 147-158.
58. Hudak, D. A., et al. (1991). Effects of humorous stimuli and sense of humor on discomfort. Psych. Rep., 69, 779-786.
59. Guadagnoli, E. & Mor, V. (1989). Measuring cancer patients' positive affect: Revision and psychometric properties of the profile of mood states (POMS). Psych. Assessment, 1, 150-154.
60. Potter, P. T., et al. (2000). Stressful events and information processing dispositions moderate the relationship between positive and negative affect: Implications for pain patients. Annals of Beh. Med., 22, 191-198.
61. Potter, P. T., et al., (2000).
62. Kvaal, S. A. & Patodia, S. (2000). Relations among positive affect, negative affect and somatic symptoms in a medically ill patient sample. Psychol. Rep., 87, 227-233.
63. Yoshino, S., et al. (1996). Effects of mirthful laughter on neuroendocrine and immune systems in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. of Rheumatology, 23, 793-794.
64. Leise, C. M. (1993). The correlation between humor and the chronic pain of arthritis. J. of Holistic Nursing, 11, 82-95.
65. Schmitt, N. (1990). Patients' perception of laughter in a rehabilitation hospital. Rehab. Nursing, 15 (No. 3), 143-146.
66. Adams, E. R. & McGuire, F. A. (1986). Is laughter the best medicine? A study of the effects of humor on perceived pain and affect. Activities, Adaptation, & Aging, 8, 157-175.
67. Rotton, J. & Shaats, M. (1996). Effects of state humor, expectancies and choice on post-surgical mood and self-medication: a field experiment. J. of Applied Soc. Psych., 26(20), 1775-1794).
68. Kelly, M. L., et al. (1984). Decreasing burned children's pain behavior: Impacting the trauma of hydrotherapy. J. of Applied Beh. Analysis, 17, 147-158.
Trice, A. D. & Price-Greathouse, J. (1986). Joking under the drill: A validity study of the humor coping scale. J. of Soc. Beh. & Pers., 1, 265-266.
69. McCaffery, M. (1990). Nursing approaches to non-pharmacological pain control. Int. J. of Nursing Studies, 27, 1-5.
70. Ljungdahl, L. (1989). Laugh if this is a joke. J. of the Amer. Med. Assn., 261, 558.
71. Jerrett, M. D. (1985). Children and their pain experience. Children's Health Care, 14, 83-89.
72. D'Antonio, I. J. (1988). The use of humor with children in hospital settings. J. of Children in Contemporary Society, 23(4), 79-90.
Matz, A & Brown, S. T. (1998). Humor and pain management: A review of current literature. J. of Holistic Nursing, 16(1), 68-75.
Smith, D. P. (1986). Using humor to help children with pain. Children's Health Care, 14, 187-188.
73. WebMDLive Events Transcript (2007). Humor and laughter for health, with Sherry Hilber, Margaret Stuber and Lonnie Zeltzer. Taken from MedicineNet.com November 11, 2007.
74. Goodenough, B., et al. (2001). Children's self-reported use of humor as a coping strategy for acute pain. Paper presented at 22nd meeting of the Australian Pain Society, Cairns, Australia.
Goodenough, B. & Ford, J. (2005). Self-reported use of humor by hospitalized pre-adolescent children to cope with pain-related distress from a medical intervention. Int. J. of Humor Res., 18(3), 279-298.
75. Goodenough, B. & Ford, J., (2005).
76. Rx Laughter data. UCLA Health and Medicine News: Watching funny shows helps children tolerate pain longer. www.uclahealth.org, October 23, 2007.
77. Rx Laughter data. WebMDLive Events Transcript (2007).
78. McCaul, K. D. & Malott, J. M. (1984). Distraction and coping with pain. Psychol. Bull., 95, 516-533.
Villemure, C. & Bushnell, M. C. (2002). Cognitive modulation of pain: how do attention and emotion influence pain processing? Pain, 95, 195-199.
79. Mitchell, L. A., et al. (2006). A comparison of the effects of preferred music, arithmetic and humor on cold pressor pain. European J. of Pain, 10(4), 343-351.
80. Berk, L.S., et al. (1989). Neuroendocrine and stress hormone changes during mirthful laughter. Amer. J. of the Med. Sciences, 298, 390-396.
Yoshino, S., et al., (1996).
81. Kogan, R. & Kluthe, K. B. (1981). The role of learning in pain reduction associated with relaxation and patterned breathing. J. of Psychosomatic Res., 25, 535-539.
82. Overeem, S., et al. (2004). Is motor inhibition during laughter due to emotional or respiratory influences? Psychophysiology, 41, 254-258.
83. Becessa, L., et al. (2001). Reward circuitry activation by noxious thermal stimuli. Neuron, 32, 927-946.
84. Fry, W. F., Jr. & Savin, M. Mirthful laughter and blood pressure. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Humor, Washington, D.C., 1982.
85. Tan, S. A., et al. (1997). Mirthful laughter: An effective adjunct in cardiac rehabilitation. Canadian J. of Cardiology, 13 (supplement B), 190.
86. White, S. & Camarena, P. (1989). Laughter as a stress reducer in small groups. Int. J. of Humor Res., 2(1), 73-79.
87. Kerkkanen, P, et al. (2004). Sense of humor, physical health and well-being at work: A three-year longitudinal study of Finnish Police Officers. Int. J. of Humor Res., 17(1/2), 21-35.
88. American Heart Association (2003). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2004 Update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association.
89. Futterman, L. G. & Lemberg, L. (1998). Fifty percent of patients with coronary artery disease do not have any of the conventional risk factors. Amer. J. of Critical Care, 7, 240-244.
90. Krantz, D. S., et al. (1981). Behavior and health: Mechanisms and research issues. Soc. Science Res. Council: ITEMS, 35, 1-6.
91. Blascovich, J. & Katkin, E. S. (Eds.). (1993). Cardiovascular Reactivity to Psychological Stress and Disease. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
92. Gallo, L. C., et al., (2004). Emotions and cognitions in coronary heart disease: Risk, resilience and social context. Cognitive Therapy and Res., 28(5), 669-694.
93. Goldstein, M. G. & Niaura, R. (1995). Coronary artery disease and sudden death. In A. Stoudemire (Ed.), Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
Matthews, K. A. & Haynes, S. G. (1986). Type A behavior pattern and coronary disease risk. Amer. J. of Epidemiology, 30, 489-498.
94. Haynes, S. G., et al. (1978). The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham Study. III. Eight-year incidence of coronary heart disease. Amer. J. of Epidemiology, 111, 37-58.
95. Blumenthal, J. A., et al. (1978). Type A behavior pattern and coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation, 58, 634-639.
96. Goldstein, J. H., et al. (1988). Humor and the coronary-prone behavior pattern. Current Psych.: Res. and Reviews, 7(2), 115-121.
97. Gallow, L. C. & Matthews, K. A. (2003). Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: Do negative emotions play a role? Psych. Bull., 129, 10-51.
Miller, T. Q., et al. (1996). Meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health. Psych. Bull., 119, 322-348.
Smith, T. W. & Ruiz, J. M. (2002). Psychosocial influences on the development and course of coronary heart disease: Current status and implications for research and practice. J. of Consulting & Clin. Psych., 70, 548-568.
98. Trieber, F. A., et al. (2003). Cardiovascular reactivity and development of preclinical and clinical disease states. Psychosomatic Med., 65, 46-62.
99. Iribarren, C., et al. (2000). Association of hostility with coronary artery calcification in young adults: The CARDIA study. J. of the Amer. Med. Assn., 283, 2546-2551.
100. Mittleman, M. A., et al. (1995). Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Circulation, 92, 1720-1725.
101. Das, S. & O'Keefe, J. H. (2006). Behavioral cardiology: recognizing and addressing the profound impact of psychosocial stress on cardiovascular health. Current Atherosclerosis Rep., 8(2), 111-118. (Quote on p. 111.)
102. Kark, J. D., et al. (1995). Iraqi missile attacks on Israel: The association of mortality with a life threatening stressor. J. of the Amer. Med. Assn., 273, 1208-1210.
103. Leor, J., et al. (1996). Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. New England J. of Med., 334, 413-419.
104. Everson, S. A., et al. (1997). Hopelessness and 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis & Vascular Biology, 17, 1490-1495.
105. Murberg, T. A., et al. (1999). Depressed mood and subjective health symptoms as predictors of mortality in patients with congestive heart failure: A two-year follow-up study. Int, J. of Psychiatry in Medicine, 29(3), 311-326.
106. Neunteufl, T., et al. (1997). Systemic endothelial dysfunction is related to the extent and severity of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis, 129, 111-118.
107. Schachinger, V., et al. (2000). Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation, 101, 1899-1906.
108. Ghiadoni, L., et al. (2000). Mental stress induces transient endothelial dysfunction in humans. Circulation, 102, 2473-2478.
Gottdiener, J. S., et al. (2003). Effects of mental stress on flow-mediated brachial artery dilation and influence of behavioral factors and hypercholesterolemia in subjects without cardiovascular disease. Amer. J. of Cardiology, 92, 687-691.
109. Harris, K. F., et al. (2003). Associations between psychological traits and endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Psychosomatic Med., 65, 402-409.
110. Hemingway, H., et al. (2003). Social and psychosocial influences on inflammatory markers and vascular function in civil servants (the Whitehall II study). Amer. J. of Cardiology, 92, 984-987.
111. Schachinger, V., et al., (2000).
112. Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (2002). The hopeful optimist. Psych. Inquiry, 13, 288-290.
113. Kubzansky, L. D., et al. (2001). Is the glass half empty or half full? A prospective study of optimism and coronary heart disease in the normative aging study. Psychosomatic Med.. Special Issue: Outerspace Res., 63, 910-916.
114. Scheier, M. F., et al. (1989). Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: The beneficial effects on physical and psychological well-being. J. of Pers. & Soc. Psych., 57, 1024-1040.
115. Scheier, M. F., et al. (1999). Optimism and rehospitalization after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Archives of Internal Med., 159, 36-49.
116. Middleton, R. A. & Byrd, E. K. (1996). Psychosocial factors and hospital readmission status of older persons with cardiovascular disease. J. of Applied Rehab. Counseling, 27, 3-10.
117. Clark, A., et al. (2001). Inverse association between sense of humor and coronary heart disease. Int. J. of Cardiology, 80, 87-88.
118. Clark, A., et al., (2001).
119. Tan, S. A., et al., (1997).
120. Blascovich, J. J. & Katkin, E. S. (1993). Cardiovascular Reactivity to Psychological Stress and Disease. Washington, D. C. American Psychological Association.
121 Tugade, M. M. & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320-333.
122. Blascovich, J. J. & Katkin, E. S., (1993).
123. Fredrickson, B. L. & Levinson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 12, 191-220.
Fredrickson, B. L., et al. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation & Emotion, 24, 237-258.]
124. Fredrickson, B. L, et al., (2000).
125. Quote taken from press release by the University of Maryland Medical News, Nov. 15, 2000.
126. Miller, M., et al. (2006). Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function. Heart, 92. 261-262.
127. Svebak, S., et al. (2007). Sense of humor and mortality: A seven-year prospective study of an unselected county population and a sub-population diagnosed with cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, A-64.
128. Bennett, M. P. & Lengacher, C. A. (1999). Use of complementary therapies in a rural cancer population. Oncology Nursing Forum, 26, 1287-1294.
129. Lengacher, C. A., et al. (2002). Frequency of use of complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) in women with breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29, 1445-1452.
130. Benjamin, H. B. (1987). From Victim to Victor. New York: Dell, p. 132-133.
131. Fry, W. F., Jr. (1986). Humor, physiology, and the aging process. In L. Nahemow, et al. (Eds.), Humor and Aging. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 81-98.
132. Raskin, Dr. J. (2007 April). Interview.
133. Filippelli M, et al. (2001). Respiratory dynamics during laughter. J. Appl. Physiol., 90:1441–1446.
134. Brutsche, M. H., et al. (2008). The impact of laughter on air trapping in severe chronic obstructive lung disease. Int. J. of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 3(1), 185-192.
135. American Lung Association. Diseases A to Z. Trends in asthma morbidity and mortality. Available at www.lungusa.org. Assessed March 7, 2000.
136. Miller, B. D. & Wood, B. L. (1997). Influences of specific emotional states on autonomic reactivity and pulmonary function in asthmatic children. J. of the Amer. Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 669-677.
Ritz, T. (2004). Probing the psychophysiology of the airways: Physical activity, experienced emotion and facially expressed emotion. Psychophysiology, 41, 809-821.
Wright, R. J., et al. (1998). Review of psychosocial stress and asthma: An integrated biopsychosocial approach. Thorax, 53, 1066-1974.
137. Kimata, H. (2004). Effect of viewing a humorous vs. nonhumorous film on bronchial responsiveness in patients with bronchial asthma. Physiology and Beh., 81, 681-684.
138. Liangas, G., et al. (2003). Mirth-triggered asthma: Is laughter really the best medicine? Pediatric Pulmonology, 36, 107-112.
139. Garay, S. (2007). Paper presented at meeting of the American Thoracic Society (International Conference), San Diego.
140. Liangas, G., et al., (2003).
141. Miller, B. D. & Wood, B. L., (1997).
142. Ritz, T., (2004).
143. Pressman, S. D. & Cohen, S., (2005).
Ritz, T., (2004).
144. Lask, B. (1991). Psychological treatments of asthma. Clin. & Exp. Allergy, 21, 625-626.
145. Richter, R. & Dahme, B. (1982). Bronchial asthma in adults: There is no evidence for the effectiveness of behavioral therapy and relaxation. J. of Psychosomatic Res., 26, 533-540.
146. Ritz, T., (2004). P. 818.
147. Liangas, G., et al., (2003).
148. Liangas G., et al. (2004). Laughter-associated asthma. J. Asthma, 41, 217–21.
149. Rees, W. L. (1980). Etiological factors in asthma. Psychiatric J. of the Univ. of Ottowa, 5, 250-254, p. 252.
150. Kimata, H. (2003). Enhancement of allergic skin wheal responses and in vitro allergin-specific IgE production by computer-induced stress in patients with atopic dermatitis. Brain Beh. Immunity, 17, 134-138.
151. Kimata, H. (2001). Effect of humor on allergen-induced wheal response. J. of the Amer. Med. Assn., 285, 738.
Kimata, H. (2004). Laughter counteracts enhancement of plasma neurotropin levels and allergic skin wheal responses by mobile phone-mediated stress. Beh. Med., 29(4), 149-152.
152. Kimata, H. (2004). Differential effects of laughter on allergen-specific immunoglobulin and neurotropin levels in tears. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 98(3), 901-908.
Kimata, H. (2004). Reduction of allergen-specific IgE production by laughter. European J. of Clin. Investigation, 34, 76-77.
153. Kimata, H. (2006). Emotion with tears decreases allergic responses to latex in atopic eczema patients with latex allergy. J. of Psychosomatic Res., 61, 67-69.
154. Guzik, T. J., et al. (2005). Persistent skin colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis: relationship to clinical and immunological parameters, Clin. and Exp. Allergy, 35, 448-455.
155. Rieg, S., et al. (2005). Deficiency of dermcidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in sweat of patients atopic dermatitis correlates with an impaired innate defense of human skin in vivo. J. of Immunology, 174, 8003-8010.
156. Kimata, H. (2007). Increase in dermcidin-derived peptides in sweat of patients with atopic eczema caused by a humorous video. J. of Psychosomatic Res., 62, 57-59.
157. Kimata, H. (2007). Laughter elevates the levels of breast-milk melatonin. J. of Psychosomatic Res., 62, 699-702.
158. Hayashi, T., et al. (2003). Laughter lowered the increase in postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care, 26(5), 1651-1652.
159. Hayashi, T., et al. (2006). Laughter regulates gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 75, 62-65.
160. Surwit, R. S. & Schneider, M. S. (1993). Role of stress in the etiology and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Psychosomatic Med., 55, 380-393.
161. Peach, M. J. (1977). Rennin angiotensin system: biochemistry and mechanism of action. Physiology Review, 57, 313-370.
162. Ikeda, T. & Ochi, H. (1998). Glucose stimulates rennin secretion via adrenergic mechanisms in the rat. Life Science, 62, 1999-2004.
Miller, J. A., et al. (1996). Effect of hyperglycemia on arterial pressure, plasma rennin activity and renal function in early diabetes. Clin. Science, (90), 189-195.
Vidotti, D. B., et al. (2004). High glucose concentration stimulates intracellular rennin activity and angiotensin II generation in rat mesangial cells. Amer. J. of Physiology, 286, F1039-F1045.
163. Luestscher, J. A., et al. (1985). Increased plasma inactive rennin in diabetes mellitus. A marker of microvascular complications. New England J. of Med., 312, 1412-1417.
164. Nasir, U. M., et al. (2005). Laughter therapy modulates the parameters of rennin-angiotensin system in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int. J. of Molecular Medicine, 16, 1077-1081 (quote on p. 1080.)
165. Kurtz, M. (1990). Adherence to diabetes regimens: Empirical status and clinical applications. Diabetes Educ., 16, 50-56.
166. Helme, D. W. & Harrington, N. G. (2004). Patient accounts for noncompliance with self-care regimens and physician compliance-gaining response. Patient Educ. & Counseling, 55, 281-292.
167. Murakami, K. & Hayashi, T. (2002). Interaction between mind-heart and gene. J. of the Int. Society of Life & Information Sciences, 20, 122-130.
168. Hayashi, T., et al. (2007). Laughter modulates prorenin receptor gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. J. of Psychosomatic Res., 62, 703-706.
169. Hayashi, T., et al. (2007). p. 705.
170. Ichihara, A., et al. (2004). Inhibition of diabetic nephropathy by a decoy peptide corresponding to the "handle" region for nonproteolytic activation of prorenin. J. of Clin. Investigation, 114, 1128-1135.
171. Azim, E., et al. (2005). Sex differences in brain activation elicited by humor. Proceedings of the Nat. Acad. of Sci., 45, 16496-16501.
Bartolo, A., et al. (2006). Humor comprehension and appreciation: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(11), 1789-1798.
Mobbs, D., et al. (2003). Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centers. Neuron, 40, 1041-1048.
Shibata, D. & Zhong, J. (2001). Humor and laughter: localization with fMRI. Neuroimage, 13(6), 476.
Watson, K. K. et al. (2007). Brain activation during sight gags and language-dependent humor. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 314-324.
172. Shultz, W. (2002). Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron, 36, 241-263.
173. Okun, M. S., et al. (2004). What's in a "smile?" Intra-operative observations of contralateral smiles induced by deep brain stimulation. Neurocase, 10, 271-279.
174. Mobbs, D., et al., (2003).
175. Bartolo, A., et al., (2006).
176. Clynes, M. (1978). Sentics: The Touch of Emotions. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
177. Panksepp, J. & Gordon, N. (2003). The instinctual basis of human affect: affective imaging of laughter and crying. Consciousness & Emot., 4, 197-205.
178. Burgdorf, J., et al. (2007). Neurobiology of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats: electronic mapping lesion and pharmacological studies. Behav. Brain Res.,
Burgdorf, J. & Panksepp, J. (2006). The neurobiology of positive emotions. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 30, 173-187.
179. Svebak, S., et al. (2007). Sense of humor and mortality: A seven-year prospective study of an unselected county population and a sub-population diagnosed with cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, A-64.
180. Svebak, S., et al. (2006). Sense of humor and survival among a county cohort of patients with end-stage renal failure: A two-year prospective study. Int. J. of Psychiatry in Med., 36(3), 269-281.
181. Friedman, H., et al. (1993). Does childhood personality predict longevity? J. of Per. & Soc. Psych., 65, 176-185.
182. Martin, L., et al. (2002). A life course perspective on childhood cheerfulness and its relation to mortality risk. Per. & Soc. Psych. Bull., 28, 1155-1165.